
On the fishing-boat piers of New England, nearly everyone knows a fisherman
who was lost at sea.
Boat captain Joe Neves remembers when a crew member got knocked overboard.
"We heard him screaming 'Help me!' " Neves says, grimacing. "But
you know, on the water at night, your head is like a little coconut." They
didn't find him.
Mike Gallagher discovered a friend who was entangled in still-running
hydraulics. "I knew right away he was dead," he says.
And Fred Mattera was fishing 125 miles off the coast of Cape Cod when the
21-year-old son of a close friend succumbed to poisonous fumes in a nearby
boat. "That was a brutal week in this port," he says.
The Deadliest Catch
The Bureau of Labor Statistics ranks commercial fishing as the deadliest job
in the United States. And despite the popular notion from reality TV's
Deadliest Catch,
which features Alaskan crab fishermen, the most dangerous American fishery is
in the Northeast.
From 2000 to 2009, workers in the Northeast's multi-species groundfish
fishery (which includes fish such as cod and haddock) were 37 times more likely
to die on the job as a police officer.
A
National Institute for
Occupational Safety and Health report shows that 70 percent of those deaths
and those in the second-deadliest fishery, Atlantic scallops, followed
disasters such as a vessel catching fire, capsizing or sinking. Most of the
rest came from onboard injuries or falling overboard — often caused by heavy
overhead equipment.
Not one of those who fell overboard and drowned was wearing a life jacket.
An investigation by the Center for Public Integrity, NPR News and WBUR in
Boston found that despite earning the odious ranking as America's deadliest
job, commercial fishing in the Northeast operates in a cultural tradition and
regulatory environment that thwarts promising safety measures.
Out To Sea, Out Of Mind
Despite the strikingly high fatality rate in the fishing industry, pushes
for reform have taken decades to come to fruition. In 1988, Congress required
fishing boats to carry life boats, personal flotation devices and other safety
equipment.
Yet while the Coast Guard mandates seaworthiness inspections of passenger
ferries and other commercial vessels, fishing boats are not inspected.
"We've ... requested authority to do inspections on vessels," says
Jack Kemerer, chief of the fishing vessels division of the Coast Guard. Congress
did not include that power in the
U.S. Coast Guard
Authorization Act of 2010.
"So I can't answer why or why not," Kemerer says. "But, you
know, it's not that we haven't asked for it in the past."
The Last Of The Ocean Cowboys
Most fishermen don't want to be supervised. Some are fatalistic about their
life on the seas. New England fishermen used to buy steel-toed boots, believing
that if they fell into the frigid Atlantic, it was better to drown faster.
Others espouse a rugged individualism and see themselves as the last cowboys on
the ocean.
At Chatham Harbor on Cape Cod, Bill Amaru runs one of the last cod-fishing
boats from a harbor that used to be so prolific, fish markets labeled cod Chathams.
Now, strict federal rules limit how much he can catch. Many other cod fishermen
have gone out of business. Amaru doesn't like the idea of the feds inspecting
his boat.
"If there's a resentment to these kinds of rules," Amaru says as
he moors his boat in the harbor, "it's based on the overall huge number of
regulations that have come down on our industry in the last decade — so much
federal 'nanny state,' kind of telling us how to operate — when I think I have
a pretty good understanding of what I need to do to keep safe."
Still, the 2010 law requires boat owners like Amaru to prove that their
safety equipment is up to date. Coast Guard checks have forced many fishermen
to throw out old and disintegrating life rafts, and replace the expired
batteries from their emergency signal beacons.
But just because a boat has updated safety gear doesn't mean the crew knows
how to use it.
'We Will Make This A Safer Industry'
When Fred Mattera raced his boat to help fishermen overcome by poisonous
fumes in a nearby boat in 2001, he didn't know exactly what to do to help them.
The radio was no help, either.
"What I heard there was this hodgepodge [of] try this, try that,"
Mattera remembers. "And nobody knew for certain."
When 21-year-old Steven Follett, the son of a close friend, died, Mattera
was frustrated. Some people in port called him a hero for trying. "Being a
hero is ... someone survives," he says, shaking his head.
Mattera told his friend he would make good come from the loss of life.
"I just said, I promise you, we need to change the culture. We will make
this a safer industry."
The incident turned Mattera into a safety evangelist. Earlier this month, he
helped the crews of two boats organize a disaster training and man-overboard
exercise.
'Get Your Panic Out Now!'
In one exercise, crew members clumsily put on bright orange-red survival
suits. Insulated, watertight and buoyant, the suits cover each fisherman from
head to toe; only their faces are exposed. They step off the boat into the calm
dockside water. But even in these conditions, wearing what some guys call a
"Gumby suit" feels claustrophobic to some, and they thrash around
until they get their bearings.
"Get your panic out now!" Fred Matter shouts from the deck. The
crew members are practicing abandoning ship in the case of a fire or capsizing.
The immersion suits are designed to keep them alive and afloat in the icy
Atlantic until someone can rescue them.
Mattera coaches them to link up with each other back-to-back and paddle
together over to a life raft and climb in.
When it's all over, the crew looks winded.
"There's a 'Holy crap!' issue to it," boat captain Norbert Stamps
says of the training. "You jump in, you kind of realize that this isn't
fun and games. This is real serious stuff. And you gotta practice, and you
gotta know what to expect."
Crew member Mike Gallagher says fishermen-organized trainings are becoming
more common. "To be honest with you," he says, "the safety thing
hasn't really been paid much attention to until the past several years. Really,
it's been overlooked."
Learning From Alaska
Alaskan waters had been viewed as the most hazardous place for commercial
fishing — that is, until a closer focus on safety reduced the number of
fatalities in those fisheries.
"I believe that fishermen want to be safe," says National
Institute for Occupational Safety and Health epidemiologist Jennifer Lincoln,
who's based in Alaska. "They just want things to be practical. They want
the solutions to really address the hazards that exist."
In Alaska, fishermen, state regulators and the Coast Guard have worked
together to make fishing less deadly:
- Bering Sea
crabbing boats now transport fewer crab pots when they head out to sea. In
turn, that weight limit prevented capsizing. Fatalities fell by 60
percent.
- Because
capsizing often occurred in deaths of Alaska's salmon fishermen, skiff
operators are now allowed the option of leaving immersion suits off their
small boats, as long as they wear a life preserver at all times.
- Pilot
projects with life preservers designed for their working conditions
encouraged scallop boats to require crew members to wear them.
That kind of safety progress is what Fred Mattera and others want to
replicate in the Northeast, the home of today's deadliest catch. Since that
deadly accident in 2001, Mattera has trained hundreds of fishermen at Point
Judith in Narragansett, R.I. But he's not done.
"I'm just a fisherman," Mattera says. "That's what I loved,
and that's what I did for a long time. I promised a family we'd make a
difference. [As long as] I'm still breathing, that's what we're going to strive
to do."
Mattera hopes that someday, the
deadliest job in America
will only be as dangerous as it has to be, and not one bit more.
Our stories about dangers in the commercial fishing industry were
jointly reported by the Center for Public Integrity, WBUR in Boston and NPR
News. The stories are part of CPI's Hard Labor series on workplace safety.